Quantitative Resources
Just getting up to speed on surprise medical bills? On this page you can access key resources with the latest data on surprise medical bills.
- Private Equity-Owned Air Ambulances Receive Higher Payments, Generate Larger and More Frequent Surprise Bills (Brookings, 2021)
- Air Ambulance Services in the United States: A Study of Private and Medicare Claims (FAIR Health, 2021)
- Changes in Emergency Physician Service Prices after Connecticut’s 2016 Surprise Billing Law (Brookings, 2021)
- Association of Surprise-Billing Legislation with Prices Paid to In-Network and Out-of-Network Anesthesiologists in California, Florida, and New York (JAMA Internal Medicine, 2021)
- Frequency and Costs of Out-of-Network Bills for Outpatient Laboratory Services Among Privately Insured Patients (JAMA Internal Medicine, 2021)
- Emergency Physicians Recover a Higher Share of Charges From Out-of-Network Care Than From In-Network Care (Health Affairs, 2021)
- Arbitration Over Out-of-Network Medical Bills: Evidence From New Jersey Payment Disputes (Health Affairs, 2021)
- Policies to Address Surprise Billing Can Affect Health Insurance Premiums (American Journal of Managed Care, 2020)
- Out-of-Network Spending Mostly Declined in Privately Insured Populations with a Few Notable Exceptions from 2008 to 2016 (Health Affairs, 2020)
- Out-of-Network Air Ambulance Bills: Prevalence, Magnitude, and Policy Solutions (Milbank Quarterly, 2020)
- Incorrect Provider Directories Associated With Out-of-Network Mental Health Care and Outpatient Surprise Bills (Health Affairs, 2020)
- Out-of-Network Spending: Why Growing Attention Is Focused On A Small Share of Medical Spending (Health Affairs, 2020)
- How Often Do Providers Bill Out of Network? (Health Care Cost Institute, 2020)
- Most Patients Undergoing Ground and Air Ambulance Transportation Receive Sizable Out-of-Network Bills (Health Affairs, 2020)
- Prevalence and Characteristics of Surprise Out-of-Network Bills from Professionals in Ambulatory Surgery Centers (Health Affairs, 2020)
- The Price and Spending Impacts of Limits on Payments to Hospitals for Out-of-Network Care (RAND, 2020)
- A Polling Surprise? Americans Rank Unexpected Medical Bills at the Top of Family Budget Worries (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2020)
- Out-of-Network Bills for Privately Insured Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery with In-Network Primary Surgeons and Facilities (JAMA, 2020)
- U.S. Statistics on Surprise Medical Billing (JAMA, 2020)
- Out-of-Network Billing and Negotiated Payments for Hospital-Based Physicians (Health Affairs, 2019)
- Voter Attitudes Regarding the Surprise Medical Billing Debate (Arnold Ventures, 2019)
- Air Ambulances – 10 Year Trends in Costs and Use (Health Care Cost Institute, 2019)
- Experience with New York’s Arbitration Process for Surprise Out-of-Network Bills (Brookings Institute, 2019)
- Support Protecting Patients from Surprise Medical Bills But Oppose the Surprise Medical Billing Framework (California Medical Association, 2019)
- California Saw Reduction in Out-of-Network Care from Affected Specialties after 2017 Surprise Billing Law (Brookings Institute, 2019)
- Disputes Over Dispute Resolution: Analyses of New York and California-Style Surprise Billing Protections Offer Divergent Pictures (Center on Health Insurance Reforms, 2019)
- Patients Protected, Providers Paid: Data from Three Years of California’s Compromise to Stop Surprise Medical Bills (Health Access, 2019)
- Cost Estimate: H.R. 2328, including the No Surprises Act (Congressional Budget Office, 2019)
- New York’s Surprise Out-of-Network Protection Law: Report on the Independent Dispute Resolution Process (New York State Department of Financial Services, 2019)
- Surprise Medical Bills: An Overview of the Problem and Approaches to Address It (American Academy of Actuaries)
- Assessment of Out-of-Network Billing for Privately Insured Patients Receiving Care in In-Network Hospitals (JAMA Internal Medicine, 2019)
- Cost Estimate: S.1895, Lower Health Care Costs Act (Congressional Budget Office, 2019)
- An Examination of Surprise Medical Bills and Proposals to Protect Consumers from Them (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2019)
- Surprise Out-of-Network Medical Bills During In-Network Hospital Admissions Varied by State and Medical Specialty, 2016 (Health Care Cost Institute, 2019)
- Air Ambulance: Available Data Show Privately-Insured Patients Are at Financial Risk (U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2019)
- Surprise! Out-of-Network Billing for Emergency Care in the United States (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2018)
- One In Five Inpatient Emergency Department Cases May Lead to Surprise Bills (Health Affairs, 2017)
- Variation in the Ratio of Physician Charges to Medicare Payments by Specialty and Region (JAMA, 2017)
- Variation in Emergency Department vs Internal Medicine Excess Charges in the US (JAMA Internal Medicine, 2017)
- Surprise Medical Bills (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2016)
- Patients’ Success in Negotiating Out-of-Network Bills (American Journal of Managed Care, 2016)
- Surprise Medical Bills Survey (Consumer Reports, 2015)
- Patient Experiences with Involuntary Out-of-Network Care (Health Services Research, 2013)
- Out‐of‐Network Physicians – How Prevalent Are Involuntary Use and Cost Transparency (Health Services Research, 2012)