State Resources
Want to dive deeper on state efforts to address surprise medical bills? This page includes key resources on state experiences with surprise medical bills and analysis of state laws and proposals.
- Map: No Surprises Act Enforcement (The Commonwealth Fund, 2022)
- Protecting Consumers from Surprise Ambulance Bills (Commonwealth Fund, 2021)
- Filling a Gap in the No Surprises Act: What are States Doing to Protect Consumers from Out-of-Network Ground Ambulance Bills? (CHIRblog, 2021)
- Taking the Disputes Out of Dispute Resolution: Lessons from State Balance Billing Laws (Center on Health Insurance Reforms, 2021)
- State Policies for Addressing Surprise Medical Bills: Recent Trends Provide a Roadmap for Federal Policymakers (American Action Forum, 2020)
- Addressing Surprise Billing by Setting Payment Standards for Out-of-Network Providers (Commonwealth Fund, 2020)
- How States Are Using Independent Dispute Resolution to Resolve Out-of-Network Payments in Surprise Billing (Commonwealth Fund, 2020)
- What States Can Do to Address Out-of-Network Air Ambulance Bills (Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 2020)
- State Efforts to Protect Consumers from Balance Billing (Commonwealth Fund, 2019)
- Protecting Consumers from Surprise Medical Bills: Considerations for Governors (National Governors Association, 2019)
- States Are Taking New Steps to Protect Consumers from Balance Billing, But Federal Action Is Necessary to Fill Gaps (Commonwealth Fund, 2019)
- State Approaches to Mitigating Surprise Out-of-Network Billing (Brookings, 2019)
- Balance Billing by Health Care Providers – Assessing Consumer Protections Across States (Commonwealth Fund, 2017)
- Balance Billing – How Are States Protecting Consumers from Unexpected Charges (Center on Health Insurance Reforms, 2015)
- Unexpected Charges – What States Are Doing About Balance Billing (California Health Care Foundation, 2009)
- Provider Charges And State Surprise Billing Laws: Evidence From New York And California (Health Affairs, 2022)
- Ground Ambulance Billing Practices Report (Texas Department of Insurance, 2022)
- Health Insurance Balance Billing Arbitration Report (Virginia State Corporation Commission, 2022)
- AB 72 Independent Dispute Resolution Process Quarterly Report (California Department of Managed Health Care, 2022)
- HB 19-1174 Report on Out-of-Network Utilization and Implementation by the Colorado Division of Insurance (Colorado Division of Insurance, 2022)
- Balanced Billing Protection Act Arbitration Proceedings: Annual Report (Washington Insurance Commissioner, 2022)
- Changes in Emergency Physician Service Prices after Connecticut’s 2016 Surprise Billing Law (Brookings, 2021)
- Balanced Billing Protection Act Arbitration Proceedings: Annual Report (Washington Insurance Commissioner, 2021)
- HB 19-1174 Report on Out-of-Network Utilization and Implementation by the Colorado Division of Insurance (Colorado Division of Insurance, 2021)
- The Out-of-Network Consumer Protection, Transparency, Cost Containment, and Accountability Act Data Reporting (New Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance, 2021)
- Balance Billing Protections: Senate Bill 1264 Biennial Report (Texas Department of Insurance, 2020)
- Senate Bill 1264: Six-Month Preliminary Report (Texas Department of Insurance, 2020)
- Balanced Billing Protection Act Arbitration Proceedings: Annual Report (Washington Insurance Commissioner, 2020)
- Analysis of Impacts on Out-of-Network Arbitration in New York and New Jersey (MAXIMUS, 2020)
- Report to the Governor and Legislature: Out-of-Network Consumer Protection, Transparency, Cost Containment and Accountability Act (New Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance, 2019)
- Experience with New York’s Arbitration Process for Surprise Out-of-Network Bills (Brookings Institute, 2019)
- Disputes Over Dispute Resolution: Analyses of New York and California-Style Surprise Billing Protections Offer Divergent Pictures (Center on Health Insurance Reforms, 2019)
- Patients Protected, Providers Paid: Data from Three Years of California’s Compromise to Stop Surprise Medical Bills (Health Access, 2019)
- California Saw Reduction in Out-of-Network Care from Affected Specialties after 2017 Surprise Billing Law (Brookings Institute, 2019)
- Support Protecting Patients from Surprise Medical Bills But Oppose the Surprise Medical Billing Framework (California Medical Association, 2019)
- New York’s Surprise Out-of-Network Protection Law: Report on the Independent Dispute Resolution Process (New York State Department of Financial Services, 2019)
- Can We Stop Surprise Medical Bills and Strengthen Provider Networks? California Did (American Journal of Managed Care, 2019)
- Influence of Out-of-Network Payment Standards on Insurer-Provider Bargaining: California’s Experience (RAND, 2019)
- State Surprise Billing Laws in the 2019 Session (Families USA, 2019)
- New York’s 2014 Law to Protect Consumers from Surprise Out-of-Network Bills Mostly Working as Intended – Results of a Case Study (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2019)
- New York’s Efforts to Reform Surprise Medical Billing (New York State Health Foundation, 2019)
- A Texas-Sized Problem – How to Limit Out-of-Control Surprise Medical Billing (Center on Public Policy Priorities, 2017)
- Surprise Medical Bills Take Advantage of Texans (Center on Public Policy Priorities, 2014)